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"Establishing credibility" is an interesting concept I first heard from Noam Chomski on Pacifica Radio. I think the transcript is here>
Establishing Credibility And the US doesn't want to present evidence because it wants to be able to do it, to act without evidence. That's a crucial part of the reaction. You will notice that the US did not ask for Security Council authorization which they probably could have gotten this time, not for pretty reasons, but because the other permanent members of the Security Council are also terrorist states. They are happy to join a coalition against what they call terror, namely in support of their own terror. Like Russia wasn't going to veto, they love it. So the US probably could have gotten Security Council authorization but it didn't want it. And it didn't want it because it follows a long-standing principle which is not George Bush, it was explicit in the Clinton administration, articulated and goes back much further and that is that we have the right to act unilaterally. We don't want international authorization because we act unilaterally and therefore we don't want it. We don't care about evidence. We don't care about negotiation. We don't care about treaties. We are the strongest guy around; the toughest thug on the block. We do what we want. Authorization is a bad thing and therefore must be avoided. There is even a name for it in the technical literature. It's called establishing credibility. You have to establish credibility. That's an important factor in many policies. It was the official reason given for the war in the Balkans and the most plausible reason.
And the US doesn't want to present evidence because it wants to be able to do it, to act without evidence. That's a crucial part of the reaction. You will notice that the US did not ask for Security Council authorization which they probably could have gotten this time, not for pretty reasons, but because the other permanent members of the Security Council are also terrorist states. They are happy to join a coalition against what they call terror, namely in support of their own terror. Like Russia wasn't going to veto, they love it. So the US probably could have gotten Security Council authorization but it didn't want it. And it didn't want it because it follows a long-standing principle which is not George Bush, it was explicit in the Clinton administration, articulated and goes back much further and that is that we have the right to act unilaterally. We don't want international authorization because we act unilaterally and therefore we don't want it. We don't care about evidence. We don't care about negotiation. We don't care about treaties. We are the strongest guy around; the toughest thug on the block. We do what we want. Authorization is a bad thing and therefore must be avoided. There is even a name for it in the technical literature. It's called establishing credibility. You have to establish credibility. That's an important factor in many policies. It was the official reason given for the war in the Balkans and the most plausible reason.
Here's a start---
So, Migu, I read the dialogue of____ on Soft power.
The most obvious and direct answer--and Drew brought it out himself--is that « soft power » is indeed in use constantly by the US and all other governments. When it works, you don't see it except via indirect indications. The professionals who are involved, however, see the effects of the closed-door discussions, the back-channel dialogues. These are literally daily phenomena. « Soft power » is in use whenever high-level talks produce a trade-off, a quid pro quo between governments. Trade agreements are soft power; development aid, foreign loans, investment in foreign capital and infrastructure; the granting of memberships in international bodies; the relaxation of barriers; cooperative scientific research; all of these, or, conversely, their denial, are elements in soft power tactics. There are of course other sorts of incentives--direct bribes in cash or resources, the offer of military cooperation; espionage intelligence sharing; technical assistance in areas where a nation is particularly needy. The only reason to look upon it as somehow sinister in nature is that it is so often so largely un- or under-reported and that the interests being so well catered to are the same largely or exclusively corporate ones which happen also to give so generously to political campaigns--nota bene: both Republican and Democratic party campaigns.
The one thing that I'd stress in difference to Drew's picture is that the Democrats as office holders, and as governing administrations are in no way strangers to these habits. This goes on administration in and administration out, without regard to political party. Differences of emphasis occur as when, for example, the senior Bush administration came into and then left the White House and then returned again in 2000. With each arrival of the Bushes, the Saudi Arabian regime found itself once more in a relatively more privileged position vis-a-vis the people in the White House.
I also agree with Drew's view--expressed variously by the difficulty of pinning them down as neatly definable--concerning the fluid character of these « interests » of the U.S.
To follow your line of quesioning, then, you would like to know why it isn't used more, or, ideally, why it isn't used exclusively.
For that there are numerous possible explanations; but the most obvious to me is that there are a number of "interests" which simply don't lend themselves to being pushed and achieved by soft means.
In particular, there are the too frequent and recent examples of Uncle Sam whipping forceful discipline--or trying to on those of his wayward erstwhile obedient client-state tin-pot dictators. With these, the "soft" techniques have been tried and proven ineffective; then Uncle Sam gets really, really angry.
But that is only the first example I can think of.
More, perhaps, later, if you're not satisfied with this response.
I also agree with Drew's observation that, in general, the great majority of Americans are simply not interested in or aware of or informed about international political affairs. It's already more than they can manage to interest themselves in their own domestic political affairs ! "In such an environment it is not surprising that the ills of technology should seem curable only through the application of more technology..." John W Aldridge
I also agree with Drew's observation that, in general, the great majority of Americans are simply not interested in or aware of or informed about international political affairs. It's already more than they can manage to interest themselves in their own domestic political affairs !
It depends on the domestic issues we bring up. Americans were certainly paying close attention to the Social Security debate, and the collective view was quite clear. They were quite clear on the Terri Schiavo case, as well. They're certainly becoming more and more clear on their collective opinion of Iraq. But, as I told Migeru, Americans simply don't seem to give a damn about international affairs unless it is a case that might call for military action. If soldiers are not headed into harm's way, they'd rather watch Oprah than the BBC.
An example: Most Americans probably haven't the slightest idea of what happened at Versailles after WWI, but most seem capable of speaking with at least some intelligence about WWII -- probably because they've grown up hearing stories from their grandparents. Be nice to America. Or we'll bring democracy to your country.
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