I would point you to Sarajevo before 1990, Beirut in the 1960s, Tehran and Baghdad in the 1960s.

Many cities with heavy Islamic traditions were liberal and cosmopolitan centers. What changed?

Once again I fear religion is being used to divide people for the economic benefit of elites. It would be interesting to see how religion cuts across the class war, by dividing potentially potent lower classes.

I do recognize that there are indeed radicalizing forces, chief among them the Saudis who spend a great deal of money pushing their limited view of the world. But their theories seem to take root wherever resentment already exists.