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i wonder what the first capitalistic act of man was...one of the tribe didn't tell the others about a stash of honey, so he could barter it for more in a different season?
The name "capitalism" refers to a system in which the main form of domination is the exploitation of wage labor to produce a surplus. Systems of barter, by definition, are not capitalist, as barter is typically an exchange system taking place in the absence of a money economy.
is hoarding inherent to capitalism?
can you have an enlightened socialism that preserves some of the apparent advantages of a more competitive model?
More competitive than what? A "capitalism" in which the working class never strays far from its roots no matter how hard it "competes"? Marx describes a meritocratic system in the Critique of the Gotha Program:
What we have to deal with here is a communist society, not as it has developed on its own foundations, but, on the contrary, just as it emerges from capitalist society; which is thus in every respect, economically, morally, and intellectually, still stamped with the birthmarks of the old society from whose womb it emerges. Accordingly, the individual producer receives back from society -- after the deductions have been made -- exactly what he gives to it. What he has given to it is his individual quantum of labor. For example, the social working day consists of the sum of the individual hours of work; the individual labor time of the individual producer is the part of the social working day contributed by him, his share in it. He receives a certificate from society that he has furnished such-and-such an amount of labor (after deducting his labor for the common funds); and with this certificate, he draws from the social stock of means of consumption as much as the same amount of labor cost. The same amount of labor which he has given to society in one form, he receives back in another.
All economies are barter economies - it is the use of "split barter" or "time to pay"/ credit that gives rise to a monetary system - which is the "working" capital of circulating "Value" or "Money's Worth".
"Capital" itself - accumulated "wealth"- requires Property rights and the Property relationship between the Subject individual and the Object eg land, machinery, or other assets.
We are accustomed to think that "Property" is an object, but it is in fact a relationship. Similarly Money is not a (bank-created debt) Object but a relationship.
I am pointing out that it is possible by using "Open" Corporates such as the UK Limited Liability Partnership to provide mutualised forms of credit on the one hand, and "Capital" on the other.
These applications of "Open" Corporates are even now emerging independently of any work I might be doing (and I am doing a lot)- I am observing the increasing use of this new - optimal - legal form and believe that I can add considerable value using it.
The outcome of "Open" Capital is essentially a "Cooperative" form of Capital where there is no requirement to make returns to "rentiers".
The "Cooperative Advantage" lies in this freedom from paying returns to rentiers.
There is no "Profit" and no "Loss" within a partnership, merely the creation and exchange of "value" in all its forms - and of course bank-created credit is not a form of Value but - as Marx identified - a legal claim over Value he called "Finance Capital"
The other form of Finance Capital is the legal claim over Value which is that toxic legal protocol we know as the "Joint Stock Limited Liability Corporation".
This form of "asset-based" finance was all Marx knew of course, and all we know. But in fact there are at least two other forms of legal vehicle or "wrapper" we may use to invest in producticve assets.
I believe that this reinvention of the Corporate, allows us to literally reinvent Capital, and I observe that this process has already begun in the commercial world because it works.
My optimistic view is that those enterprises - public, private: and whatever the "aim" (commercial, social, charitable) - who do not use the "Open" Corporate form to raise their necessary capital, are at a disadvantage to those who do.
The pre-condition for "emergence" is just such a comparative advantage, and I beleieve that the system has already begun to consume itself, in a process of "partnerisation" and Internet-driven direct connection/ disintermediation I call "Napsterisation"
"Open" Capital is therefore already commencing the necessary quiet revolution, and demonstrates, merely by existing, the flaws in conventional economic assumptions. "The future is already here -- it's just not very evenly distributed" William Gibson
Was Leontieff a conventional economist? Because his input-output model clearly lends itself to a definition of productivity in which everything is productive to some degree. Can the last politician to go out the revolving door please turn the lights off?
I have been interested for some time in "Binary Economics" and the work of Kelso and his followers.
Kelso actually had some success in relation to widening of capital ownership in US corporations through ESOP's.
But beyond this Binary Economics falls down in the difficulty of the transition.
To me, Binary Economics is analogous to Newtonian Cosmology - ie the Earth of Labour revolves around the Sun of Capital, rather than vice versa.
Conventional and Marxist economics are still stuck in an anthropocentric paradigm, regrettably.
Firstly, as Einstein had it, I believe that it is all relative.
ie neither Capital nor Labour is central - since "Money" and Property" are relationships - so that it is the relationship between Subject (Labour) and Object (Capital assets) that is productive, as opposed to Labour or Capital individually.
Secondly, we need to go beyond Newtonian absolutes and look at the role of Time in these relationships in a new way.
This is where what I call "Open" Capital (ie the use of Capital for an INDEFINITE period - you share revenues or production for as long as you use the Capital) transcends the dichotomy in existing forms of Capital between the Absolute/Infinite (eg Equity, and Freehold land) and the Absolute/Finite (eg debt, leasehold land) "The future is already here -- it's just not very evenly distributed" William Gibson
Huh? Einstein's theory of relativity is about what is absolute and independent of the observer. The theory shows that space and time are relative but it does not purport or intend to show that all is relative. Can the last politician to go out the revolving door please turn the lights off?
And so, indeed, value is a relationship as well. And this is the problem Marx called "alienation," because under capitalism we are producing things for their value -- by which he meant market value -- and so our labor is no longer our own.
The alternative relationship Marx proposed was that of "worth" or use-value. One can see how this relationship forms the cornerstone of the Ecosocialist Manifesto. "Imagine all the people/ Sharing all the world" -- John Lennon
It was E C Riegel who referred to Value as "the Relativity of Desire".
The problem is that we insist on trying to define the indefinable, confusing "price" (market value) with "value".
Wilde's definition of a Cynic is relevant here.
"Someone who knows the Price of everything and the Value of nothing"
It is the question of the metaphysical assumptions which underpin Economics which is at the heart of the problem.
I build upon Pirsig's "Metaphysics of Quality" (which I call a "Metaphysics of Value" - since Quality, Value, God .....it's all One - or, at least, Not Two!) in order to ask better questions of Reality, and to provide assumptions better able to inform Economics..
So, yes indeed, Value is definable ONLY in relative terms, and by reference to a "Value Unit". "The future is already here -- it's just not very evenly distributed" William Gibson
Marx got around this by distinguishing value (exchange-value) from worth (use-value). His distinction makes more sense in German than in English.
A price is merely an example of exchange-value located at a particular time and place. "Imagine all the people/ Sharing all the world" -- John Lennon
But it the relationship of ownership and control that is simply but radically different in the "Capital Partnership" attainable using LLP's and LLC's.
In this enterprise model the interests of Capital provider/Owner and the Capital User are aligned, so that "Control" is no longer an issue.
Labour does not work FOR Capital in this model but WITH Capital.
Which is what Marx was on about when he referred to "the Abolition of Labour" in his early work. "The future is already here -- it's just not very evenly distributed" William Gibson
Now you're confusing everyone.
Capital, by definition, does not work. Capital accumulates. "Labour," by definition, works. The reason we distinguish the former from the latter is to reveal labor's alienation to capital.
A real model of liberation would have labor working for the laborers, individually, personally, as collectives, and as a society. "Imagine all the people/ Sharing all the world" -- John Lennon
How about capital goods? Are those "capital"? Does a machine "work" while it's running? Can the last politician to go out the revolving door please turn the lights off?
Which is why we have to begin by reinventing the "narrative" or Rhetoric, and everything else follows. "The future is already here -- it's just not very evenly distributed" William Gibson
What is your definition of capital? Money?
I suppose that if the capitalists are those who own the means of production, and if capitalism is a state where the means of production are owned privately, then the capital is that means of production which they privately own.
Labor, for its part, builds the whole thing for the sake of its own survival. In this era the laborers of the First World get a portion of the surplus, but not much proportionally: the top 1% of wealthiest Americans, for instance, owns half of non-home capital assets. It's definitely not guaranteed like life for the capitalists.
How about capital goods? Are those "capital"? Does a machine "work" while it's running?
That's what Marx called "dead labor." "Imagine all the people/ Sharing all the world" -- John Lennon
Oh, and is land productive? And is a wind turbine productive? Can the last politician to go out the revolving door please turn the lights off?
So Marx opposed mechanisation because it replaced live labour?
No, Marx merely pointed out that, under capitalism, dead labor does not make the live stuff obsolete; it merely increases the laborer's productivity out of all proportion to the amount he/ she is paid.
You know, all of Marx is online, and I'm not really telling you anything that isn't available in a standard guide to the topic.
Oh, and is land productive? And is a wind turbine productive?
No. Look at the other planets of the solar system. They've got plenty of land, and what do they produce?
A wind turbine is productive because it is the product of living labor. More dead labor at work. "Imagine all the people/ Sharing all the world" -- John Lennon
But the productiveness of Labour pales into insignificance compared to the productiveness of Capital (defined as Property) and NEITHER is independently "productive".
ie as said elsewhere, it is the relationship between Labour and Capital which is productive.
Property rights, and private ownership, are key of course. Capital consists of "Property" in all its forms, and particularly "Intellectual Property".
I don't believe in private ownership. Nor do I believe in State ownership.
When we distinguish the Public and Private sectors we are in fact referring to Private as "owned by a Joint Stock Limited Liability Corporation".
A Corporation is of course a legal claim - as is debt -over assets and production. The difference between these two forms of "Finance Capital" - as Marx had it - is that one is permanent and the other temporary and they are irreconcilably conflicting claims.
But both are obsolete IMHO. I am pointing out that the existence of the "Open Corporate" - of which the UK LLP is the first example - allows a new "enterprise model" - neither Public nor Private but both - whereby assets are held in trust on behalf of "the People"/ the Community, and Users of these assets, and Investors in these assets, share the production.
Using an "Open Corporate" as a "wrapper" we are able to encapsulate the entire property relationship in a new and optimal way, thereby synthesising Equity and Debt as a contnuous class of what I call "Open Capital".
The increasing primacy of Intellectual Property - the "Value" it constitutes, and its nature as productive "Capital" - is a challenge for Marxists in a not dissimilar way to the challenge the "ownership" of Knowledge represents for muslims.
The Islamic prohibition on "ownership" of the Commons ie Water, Fire and Pasture would surely have been extended to "ownership" of Knowledge had the Prophet been alive today.
Equally, if Marx had been alive he would have had to completely re-visit his thinking.
http://www.opencapital.net/papers/Valueknowledge-based.pdf
was presented to the Institute of Advanced Studies at Lancaster University, and I guess I was one of the few not coming from a Marxist perspective.
Marx's concept of Surplus Value was a great achievement and much of his analysis, as far as I understand it, was pretty accurate.
But his basic assumptions were faulty. The Sun of Capital does not go around the Earth of Labour. "The future is already here -- it's just not very evenly distributed" William Gibson
But the productiveness of Labour pales into insignificance compared to the productiveness of Capital (defined as Property) and NEITHER is independently "productive".)
Under technologized conditions, the power of dead labor (i.e labor-saving technology) appears to dwarf that of living labor (i.e. the individuals operating that technology). What one doesn't see, in a cursory observation of the modern factory, is the labor that went into creating the labor-saving technology. Marx counts that, too, in his reckoning of the productivity of labor.
Sure, nature is "productive," too, but not in the sense that it is someone's "property." Property, as Locke asserted two-and-a-half centuries ago, is a person's legal relationship to a thing. Now, the Nature Conservancy might own a chunk of "property" for the sake of keeping it out of production altogether, and thus said "nature" would not be productive altogether.
I don't see why it's necessary to take the terms of the Labor Theory of Value, mix them around a bit, change their definitions here and there, and re-present it as a whole new defense of socialism. "Imagine all the people/ Sharing all the world" -- John Lennon
Are you claiming the word "productivity" in exclusivity for the Labour Theory of Value?
What is the "whole new defence of socialism"?
Who said anything of the sort was "necessary"? Can the last politician to go out the revolving door please turn the lights off?
What happens when the amount of labour saved by technology dwarfs the amount of labour that went into creating the technology? Does that mean that all the saved labour needs to be paid in advance when "buying" the technology, or does it need to be paid as "rent"? Can the last politician to go out the revolving door please turn the lights off?
Does that mean that all the saved labour needs to be paid in advance when "buying" the technology
The point of the labor theory of value is not to try to recalculate everyone's wages so as to make them "fair" in some ideal society where labor is paid its "fair value" by some capitalist who is going broke for the hell of it. Rather, it is regarded as a given that exchanges aren't "fair," that under capitalism labor isn't paid its "fair value" because the exploitation of labor drives the whole system, and that the best way to ameliorate this state of affairs is to not have capitalism, or capitalists. The alternative proposed by ecosocialists is a union of free producers, in which the collective project of humanity is re-oriented to the goals of ecological integrity, or what Enrique Leff calls "ecological production." "Imagine all the people/ Sharing all the world" -- John Lennon
Does the "union of free producers" involve forced collectivisation? And how does the reorientation of the collective project take place, and who then decides how well the "free producers" are following the goal of ecological integrity? Can the last politician to go out the revolving door please turn the lights off?
And how does the reorientation of the collective project take place
Not for me to decide.
Generally speaking, ideas of "socialism" do not consist of utopian templates to be imposed willy-nilly upon the world without its permission. Socialism isn't a George W. Bush game of "I'd rather be dictator." This, besides the critique of capitalism given in "Capital," is the revolution in socialist thinking that was promoted by Marx and Engels. Leaders such as Stalin and Mao chose a different path because the conditions they faced were impossibly inappropriate to the propaganda they used to promote their regimes.
who then decides how well the "free producers" are following the goal of ecological integrity?
Ecosocialism presumes general social approval of the goal of avoiding ecological collapse. Modern capitalist society, on the other hand, heedlessly transforms the world into parking lots, lawns, buildings, and monoculture farms while waiting for ecological collapse to educate it toward a better way -- or more likely to kill it outright. "Imagine all the people/ Sharing all the world" -- John Lennon
And how does the reorientation of the collective project take place Not for me to decide.
So, is the plough productive? And, since 1) I cannot be nearly as productive without borrowing your plough; 2) you don't need my labour to provide for yourself with your plough; shouldn't your ownership of the plough be worth something? Can the last politician to go out the revolving door please turn the lights off?
When you bought the plough you exchanged the labor that went into making the plough with something else. If you're making money by buying ploughs and lending them to others for working fields, you're exploiting in a form of usury the ploughmaker. Un roi sans divertissement est un homme plein de misères
Note that just because you can make a plough doesn't mean you know how to use it - or that you have the land to use it. In other words, to the blacksmith the plough is relatively useless, and the value of the materials and labour that went into it is not commensurate with the productivity gains resulting from its use. Can the last politician to go out the revolving door please turn the lights off?
What if you're the ploughmaker? Do you either 1) sell the ploughs at such a high price that nobody can afford them; 2) lease them to people for a sizeable fraction of their product as yearly rent?
Under capitalism, if you're a ploughmaker, you do "what the market will bear." Socialism, as Marx pointed out again and again and again, is not some impossible state of affairs where all exchanges are "fair." "Imagine all the people/ Sharing all the world" -- John Lennon
Would you call yourself a Merxist? In that case, we have a standing challenge that you might be inclined to respond to:
techno: let's organize a debate about the future. You find someone who has a traditional Left / Marxist / Socialist worldview, and I will act as closely as possible like a 19th-20th century Minnesota Populist. Since Populists taught that every example used in organizing should be something anyone could confirm by looking out a window, I will insist that I can use modern examples. Otherwise, I will attempt to be a completely authentic Populist. I predict that even with the "handicap" of 100 year-old political theory, my historical Populism will better explain current political / economic / environmental / technological reality and offer more constructive ways of addressing our civilization ending problems than any other form of leftist / progressive thought.
I predict that even with the "handicap" of 100 year-old political theory, my historical Populism will better explain current political / economic / environmental / technological reality and offer more constructive ways of addressing our civilization ending problems than any other form of leftist / progressive thought.
Are you interested? Can the last politician to go out the revolving door please turn the lights off?
The point of said theory is to make clear the idea of the surplus -- that portion of the productive process which constitutes the capitalist's potential profit-margin. Capitalist production produces to maximize that surplus, which goes a long way toward explaining why it is unsustainable.
The alternative, as Joel Kovel (among zillions of others) pointed out in The Enemy of Nature, is production for use-value, or "worth," production for human needs rather than "effective demand."
My perspective is not "traditional Left / Marxist / Socialist worldview." Do explore my diaries with DailyKos.com, then come back and tell all what you've discovered. "Imagine all the people/ Sharing all the world" -- John Lennon
A real model of liberation would have labor working for the laborers, individually, personally, as collectives, and as a society.
You must mean this....
http://www.telekommunisten.net/venture-communism
which is pretty much half way there IMHO.
If a Cooperative of workers enters into an "Open Corporate" partnership with a cooperative of users of their services, then that comes close to an optimal model. "The future is already here -- it's just not very evenly distributed" William Gibson
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