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And what if the standard model Higgs isn't found? What are the alternatives?
Once in a graduate course the professor mentioned in passing that the standard model without a symmetry-breaking sector violates unitarity at about 1TeV, so there has to be some new phenomenon, be it the Higgs or something else, before that energy is reached. What is there to that? We have met the enemy, and he is us — Pogo
The US recently has cutted financing of R&D. And what was the reason? The democrats were angry because Bush has vetoed some of their pet projects. As a revenge they cutted spending on some of Bush's pet projects. Der Amerikaner ist die Orchidee unter den MenschenVolker Pispers
(Me? Biased? Naaahhh...)
All the standard model higgs (where it's just a higgs boson with no other weird physics) decay into two particles. It depends on the mass of the higgs what these decays are - for instance i'm studying 165Gev which is roughly 2 times the W mass, so in this region this is by far the most likely decay.
So far they've not seen this above the background and the more data they have, the more they can rule it out. The LHC will provide more data at the low (~114) region, where the main decays are b/bbar quarks, photons, tau lepton, c/cbar quarks and two gluons. All of these occur anyway in the detector so it's hard to spot - which is why there has been the least work in this region so far, and why ruling out the less likely WW and ZZ decays has been easier. Although it's the decay that occurs the least, the photon decay is the easiest to spot.
If they don't find the Higgs at any of these energies, it means it's not just a standard model one - i.e. it behaves not just by the laws we already know, but by new physics we've never seen. Supersymmetry and Extra Dimensions are two of the more prominent theories why the Higgs may not be in the standard model region.
The one is supersymmetry. This gives to each particle we already know a heavier superpartner, which has the property to cancel the contribution of its original particle in these loops (for physicists not connected to the matter, it makes a boson partner for every fermion and vice versa. In Feynman diagramms fermions come in with a negative sign, bosons with a positive, so the superpartners cancel their normal partners). The proposed particle I wrote in the diary to catlyse fusion is the stau, the superpartner of an even much heavier partner of the electron than the muon. In some parameter space it can be realively long living.
The other is some variation of 'techni color' or 'warped extra dimensions'. This is in general the more 'natural' solution of the problem, but even more than in the case of supersymmetry one would have expected to find deviations of the standard model about 20 years ago.
The good things about the LHC is, that we really enter the region in which these models have to exist, if they should help to solve any problem. Der Amerikaner ist die Orchidee unter den MenschenVolker Pispers
Unless a tau particle is a boson, which would mean I know even less than i thought. Isn't the tau a fermion like the electron?
Or is Pauli exclusion irrelevant? Higher order elements could then get interesting: Imagine Li with all three (-) particles sitting in the S1 shell.
But anyway, which is it? I AM confused. The Fates are kind.
The Paul Scherrer Institut in Villigen has investigated pionic hydrogen (π--p) and deuterium (π--d), and DAFNE in Frascati has investigated their kaonic counterparts. Other no-less-important species include kaonic and antiprotonic helium, which have been studied at the Japanese High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) and CERN, and yet another exotic variety is formed by the non-baryonic π+- π-(pionium) and πK atoms. Finally, the antihydrogen atom, pbar-e+, which CERN has copiously produced, is in a class of its own owing to its importance for testing the CPT theorem to extremely high precision.
That's true. But it is even better. Unless the Higgs has pretty much exactly 116 GeV, so called loop corrections will destroy the model once more, if there are not more particles to shield these effect. As this is a kind of fine tuning people are not heavy with it, there are basically two classes of models introducing new particles.
Just as an update for you what are the actual issue, why else we believe standard model (SM) is incomplete.
Dark matter exists: I've seen the picture already elsewhere, but it is from here. This are two galaxies flying through each other. The reddish part are Xrays caused by interaction of the galactic gas. The blue is, where the mass of the galaxies is, detected by gravitational lensing. So it is clear, that most mass in the galaxies is not interacting hadronically or electromagnetic. In principle this matter has to interact only through gravitation and weak interaction is optional, but as weak interacting particles would have decoupled in the BigBang at pretty much the point that would explain todays dark matter, there is hope, that we can find it in colliders and that it is e.g. the lightest super symmetric particle, which is stable, when assuming supersymmetry to be conserved.
Another thing which the SM has problems to explain are neutrino masses, and why they are so small, though they have mass. (Cosmological structure formation indicates, that dark matter is non-relativistic, so much heavier than neutrinos, which don't contribute a lot). We think they have mass, because oscillation from one flavour into another is detected. Several experiments try to find out more about the mass and the (CKM-like) mixing matrix.
It is not clear by which mechanism the SM would create an excess of matter over antimatter in the Universe as it is seen. There are ideas for such processes and even in the SM one can explain some assymmetry, but only about 10^(-5) of the observed effect. More CP violating phases are needed. Colliders, maybe more the lower energy B fabrics (Japan plans a new one) may help to find it.
Fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) and mesurements of the speed of galxies very far away indicate that most of the mass in the universe is dark energy Dark energy has a negative pressure (which I personally find mind-boggling) and increases the speed of expansion of the universe. It is not clear if this is just a cosmological constant as once introduced by Einstein to make his formulas consistent with a static universe, or if it is a dynamical thing. One hopes to find out more with better obersertion of the CMBR. It could be, that an extremely prices measurement could find a shifting coppling constant alpha, if it is a dynamical thing. Der Amerikaner ist die Orchidee unter den MenschenVolker Pispers
Okay, let me get this straight: if the Standard Model Higgs is only renormalizable for a particular choice of the Higgs' mass, this is not considered a prediction but a flaw of the model. However, if bosonic strings can only be made consistent in 26 dimensions, or superstrings in 11 dimensions and with the help of supersymmetry these thing for which there is zero empirical evidence are considered predictions of string theory and not flaws. Moreover, were a supersymmetric particle discovered, this would be considered evidence of string theory even though supersymmetry doesn't require string theory. You said it right, though:
the exact Higgs mass ... should be a free parameter in the standard model, otherwise we could stop searching in a range, and it is used by about every theorist who wants to endorse Susy, so it should be a real effect.
Unless the Higgs has pretty much exactly 116 GeV, so called loop corrections will destroy the model once more, if there are not more particles to shield these effect.
Dark Energy
As for Dark energy, I'm going to go with the Cosmological constant until there is any evidence to the contrary. As far as I know, even "exotic matter" can't produce a "negative pressure" stress-energy tensor.
Neutrino Mass
I don't consider throwing in a one (or several) right-handed neutrinos and a KCB mixing matrix a challenge to the Standard Model. "Explaining" the masses of the various particles is a challenge, but as far as I can tell there's no candidate for a theory that does that. [No, String Theory is not it: apart from having a proliferation of vacua, the only way they can get a low-energy spectrum of particles is by assuming they all have zero mass, nobody has a mechanism for supersymmetry breaking and the supersymmetry breaking scale just introduces a whole bunch of new parameters to explain.]
Dark Matter
My guess is as good as any other - but if dark matter only interacts gravitationally it won't be seen at the LHC. Actually, the quantum numbers match a "superheavy right-handed neutrino" too... We have met the enemy, and he is us — Pogo
I don't assume string theory to be a physical theory at all, as they can always shift their parameters in a way, that any (non)observation is explained. My boss completely dislikes Susy, but we have another prof who is now working since decades to prove it (without success).
It may well be, that the LHC finds only a Higgs (and only after quite a long time of running, when it is so low) and nothing else. I'm not at all sure, there is something else, although there are some less compelling hints. However, Susy and some other models should really be dead, if LHC finds nothing. I only wanted to give you an overview over the reasons why people are searching at all for other things and not simply sit down and say it is not worth to try, because anyhow nothing else than a complete SM can be expected. Der Amerikaner ist die Orchidee unter den MenschenVolker Pispers
If the SM Higgs is found, with no evidence of physics beyond the SM below 1TeV (including "corrections" due to physics at higher energies), I think it will be safe to say that theoretical high energy physics will have "died of success". There would be no strong case for higher-energy accelerators, leaving aside how difficult it would be to build something to probe the 10TeV range. We have met the enemy, and he is us — Pogo
I think darrkespur was referring to non-standard model Higgses. But as explained elsewhere on the comment section, if the Higgs isn't in the low mass region, there have to be more particles to prevent other problems making the theory inconsistent. Der Amerikaner ist die Orchidee unter den MenschenVolker Pispers
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