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As far as I understood, all private creditors to irish banks have ceased to lend new money since fall 2008. So the exposure of private foreign and domestic creditors is steadily shrinking.
See The Guardian: Ireland bailout: the Datablog guide to who will fund it, which countries are most exposed - and who will be next? Visualised (November 22, 2010)
Ireland bailout: the Datablog guide to who will fund it, which countries are most exposed - and who will be next? Ireland's bailout negotiations for a bailout are under intense scrutiny. But where's the money coming from - and which countries in the world have the most claims by foreign banks? Get the data Interactive guide
Ireland's bailout negotiations for a bailout are under intense scrutiny. But where's the money coming from - and which countries in the world have the most claims by foreign banks? Get the data Interactive guide
a) To the irish state b) non bank lenders c) irish banks d) depfa
First you have to factor out depfa. A irish bank, yes, but owned by HRE, that is the Federal Republic now. The FRG wonm't default on it's self.
Then you have to subtract b). companies or private, thier creditworthiness will not be deiced by the irish government.
Now a) and c) can still be substantial. But is anybody really demanding a default on all government debt? If Ireland is defaulting o n c) tomorrow, will any foreign private creditors still be involved?
We need data on that.
It's a political move, not a practical one. The aim is to persuade the public and the incoming government that default is worth considering, and that it's potentially a better choice than the current ECB/IMF suicide note.
There's no need to deal with specifics until there's a consensus that default is worth considering in the abstract.
At the outset of the crisis the Irish banking system consisted of two parts: International and Irish banks. The "irish" banks did get in trouble and had to be rescued because of the housing bust: Mortgages, breakdown of the construction sector. The international banks had not be rescued with the exception of depfa and here Ireland was for once lucky: depfa was still a german problem.
Now in 2008 there was a high exposure of international banks to Ireland. Some of it was to multinationals based in Ireland: I think we can agree that this exposure is not the problem. Some of it was to the international banks in Ireland: Not the problem either.
Problematic was and is the exposure to the "Irish" banks. But of course all banks have cut back their exposure now for over two years.
The losses of the "Irish banks" did first eat up the capital, so owners did get wiped out. Then the Irish State had to pay. Creditors on the other hand, depositors, bondholders, other creditors escaped scot-free.
Because the losses of the banks were to big, the credit of the Irish state is now in trouble too. Now the question is, why the creditors of the banks don't have to take some losses too. That means the bond-holders but not the depositors or at least not the smaller depositors.
Now my theory is that there are not many private bond-holders left. They have used the last two years to get rid of their credits to Irish banks. The obligations of the Irish banks have shifted to the Irish state and the ECB.
So a default of the troubled Irish banks or the threat of a default is no longer advantageous to Ireland.
I would be happier with real facts. All we have now is your interpretation of the motives of the ECB and the major european countries.
So a default of the banks alone will not achieve much. It has to be default of the irish government.
The Irish banks got 100 billion or from the ECB and quite substantial sums from the Irish government.
That replaces short term lending and deposits, not bonds which are long-term liabilities.
The once existing long-term bondholders continue to be long-term bondholders. Or have traded the bonds with other private bondholders since the ECB is not known to be buying bank bonds (at least, nobody is screaming bloody murder if they're doing it: they just complain about buying government bonds). Keynesianism is intellectually hard, as evidenced by the inability of many trained economists to get it - Paul Krugman
ECB Tried to Force Ireland Into Bailout, Minister Says - Bloomberg
ECB officials, who say they are politically independent, told Ireland on a Nov. 12 conference call that it should seek outside help to rescue its banks and contain a debt crisis, according to a person briefed on the discussion.
ECB President Jean-Claude Trichet said the bank can't afford to set its monetary policy to help individual countries.
Asked whether the ECB pushed Ireland into accepting a bailout, he told lawmakers in Brussels today that "we couldn't adjust our policy to take into account the situation of Ireland."
European Union officials "were leaking in the papers that Sunday, quite incredible pressure on this country," Ahern said today, adding that he won't stand in the next general election for personal reasons. An ECB spokesman declined to comment on his remarks.
An ECB spokesman declined to comment on his remarks.
Consider your source. Ireland is a story of neoliberalism run wild. Your new theory, that everybdody was peachy until the evil ECB intervened, may be popular with eurosceptics and other such ilk. It is hardly supported by the facts.
In June, about Spain.
Then Ireland, then Portugal.
Let me remind you that Spain's response to the rumours was to threaten to publish bank stress test data, at which point Germany was livid and did its utmost to water down what was finally publshed a month later. Also, publication of banks' sovereign debt exposure was made voluntary, with Deutsche Bank being the only major bank refusing to disclose any data.
It's all circumstantial but it's pretty damning. Keynesianism is intellectually hard, as evidenced by the inability of many trained economists to get it - Paul Krugman
I don't like this nationalistic narrative evil foreigners picking on innocent little Ireland.
Ireland after all, has been showered with EU-subventions until a few years ago. And it was very big on no regulation and on tax dumping. They still want to keep their corporation tax rate. Is this the fault of some german cabal too?
Yes, domestic Irish holders of sovereign bonds should also be told to fuck off and die, unless they are important to the Irish economy. But that's an internal Irish question of whether the Irish government wants to impose AusterityTM on the Irish people in order to pay off Irish oligarchs.
I'm not sure if you're trying to argue that the bulk of the Irish sovereign debt is held by ordinary non-oligarchic Irish citizens and businesses (which is almost certainly false) or you simply have been labouring under the impression that I am not in favour of telling Irish oligarchs to fuck off and die (I am very much in favour of that, but that doesn't have anything to do with the European Union or the ECB).
- Jake Friends come and go. Enemies accumulate.
Because of this xenophobic paranoia you have a xenophobic solution: A bank or multinational company who resides - probably because of the low corporation tax - in Ireland is good and should get interest and capital on their bonds. A company or bank that has the misfortune not to have resettled in Ireland and still resides elsewhere should lose everything.
So my mutual regional bank, who has perhaps bought some Irish bonds in the past, is evil and should lose everything. The equivalent Irish mutual bank, who has participated to its heart delight in the property bubble and regularly showered local Fianna Fail politicians with money is good and should take no losses at all.
Meanwhile the Irish elite is laughing all the way to the bank*. *( or Meistererzählung, but I don't want to fuel your xenophobia) *( Not a Irish bank! Only idiotic foreigners would keep their money there! Lichtenstein, Cayman Islands)
*( or Meistererzählung, but I don't want to fuel your xenophobia)
*
We're beginning to tread into "that was uncalled-for" innuendo territory here. Keynesianism is intellectually hard, as evidenced by the inability of many trained economists to get it - Paul Krugman
Still, the analysis - foreigners forced the Irish to do this and that is nationalistic. The idea that all debt I don't like is owned by foreigners anyway is simplistic and a dangerous illusion. The proposed solution is much to oriented on the nation state.
We shouldn't infantilize Ireland and especially the Irish elites. They are responsible and this shouldn't be hidden behind a cloud of anti-EU rhetoric.
GERMANY IS UNFIT FOR THE EURO (Joerg Bibow)
Not for the first time in its history the German people have been irresponsibly misled by a political leadership that seems to have lost any sense of history, any sense of order and stability in Europe, and any sense of Germany's key contributing role to the current crisis. As ever, the mindset of lawyers frames the political debate among a political class that seems inhumanly uneducated in matters of economics. If economic voices are heard at all, it is usually the voice of the Bundesbank. It is a peculiar democracy that expects either its constitutional court or central bank to have the final word of wisdom.
I can foresee two outcomes. First, Germany might end up in a procyclical downward spiral of debt reduction and low growth. In that case, the constitutionally prescribed pursuit of a balanced budget would require ever greater budgetary cuts to compensate for a loss of tax revenues. ... One could also construct a virtuous cycle - the second outcome. If Germany were to return to a pre-crisis level of growth in 2011, and all is well after that, the consolidation phase would then start in a cyclical upturn. Either of those scenarios, even the positive one, is going to be hugely damaging to the eurozone. In the first case, the German economy would become a structural basket case, and would drag down the rest of Europe for a generation. In the second case, economic and political tensions inside the eurozone are going to become unbearable. ... ... While the balanced budget law is economically illiterate, it is also universally popular. Average Germans do not primarily regard debt in terms of its economic meaning, but as a moral issue. ... ... The balanced budget constitutional law is therefore not about economics. It is a moral crusade, and it is the last thing, Germany, the eurozone and the world need right now.
...
One could also construct a virtuous cycle - the second outcome. If Germany were to return to a pre-crisis level of growth in 2011, and all is well after that, the consolidation phase would then start in a cyclical upturn.
Either of those scenarios, even the positive one, is going to be hugely damaging to the eurozone. In the first case, the German economy would become a structural basket case, and would drag down the rest of Europe for a generation. In the second case, economic and political tensions inside the eurozone are going to become unbearable. ...
While the balanced budget law is economically illiterate, it is also universally popular. Average Germans do not primarily regard debt in terms of its economic meaning, but as a moral issue. ...
... The balanced budget constitutional law is therefore not about economics. It is a moral crusade, and it is the last thing, Germany, the eurozone and the world need right now.
The "debt brake" has now become a condition that Germany wants to impose on the entire EU as a conditionality for allowing enough money to be lent to get over the sovereign debt crisis.
Since the debt brake is economically harebrained, default and let the chips fall where they may is looking better by the day, to be honest. Keynesianism is intellectually hard, as evidenced by the inability of many trained economists to get it - Paul Krugman
And Germany did get somewhat better through the crisis, because it did talk austerity, but did do stimulus.
Just like everyone is doing austerity in 2010.
And if "doing stimulus" is how Germany got out of the crisis, countries that haven't still gotten out of the crisis should continue to do stimulus.
Nobody is claiming that the German debt brake caused anything before it was enacted. The claim is that the debt brake is strongly deflationary, which will only make growth more sluggish and debt more unsustainable in the future, and is therefore incredibly harebrained. Keynesianism is intellectually hard, as evidenced by the inability of many trained economists to get it - Paul Krugman
What is necessary, if it is necessary, is a new deal about the interest rate. But that is not the same as a default on sovereign debt engineered to hit only foreigners.
And am not sure why you want to argue about german economic policies 2008-2010: Clearly fiscal expansion, reaching their height in the first half of 2010. Is that really in doubt anymore?
This whole Ireland is insolvent meme is nonsense. There have be quite a number of countries with a public debt around 100% of gdp.
This whole Ireland is insolvent meme is nonsense.
Perhaps you should be arguing this point with the bond raiders, who seem unusually keen to assure everyone otherwise.
And if you swear fealty to "the markets", how do you think they will react to a default?
In the case of Ireland, if you think Ireland is solvent, then it is in fact being subjected to an irrational run (withdrawal of short-term liquidity). The proper response in that case is for the Central Bank to provide liquidity at a reasonable non-market rate.
Instead of that the Central Bank tells the Irish government to call in the IMF.
Also, when the European Council tries to organise a collective fiscal facility, Germany screams "no bail-out clause!". When the ECB tries to buy sovereign bonds in the secondary market, the (German) Chief Economist and the Bundesbank chair wrongly claim that is forbidden by treaty (the treaty forbids buying at issue, which is bad enough already). The European Commission, Council, Ecofin and Central Bank are all such neoliberal market-worshippers that they actually take the market's assessment of Ireland's solvency at face value.
The Irish "rescue package" entails, under any plausible scenarios, including the ones put together by the Ecofin, an actual increase in the Irish debt burden, while at the same time demanding IMF-style "conditionalities". Some "rescue". No wonder the Irish government didn't want to be "rescued" and had to be forced. Keynesianism is intellectually hard, as evidenced by the inability of many trained economists to get it - Paul Krugman
What's happening is that the Irish sovereign is being funded at 5.7 % when it should be funded at 0.0 %.
The fact that the ECB has finally woken up and started doing its job w.r.t. the private Irish banks (a decade late and a billion short) does not excuse the fact that the ECB still isn't doing its job and printing money on demand for the Irish government.
Analogously, no individual Irishman is responsible for the economic policy of the Irish government. Or are they? You have argued elsewhere on this thread that they are. Keynesianism is intellectually hard, as evidenced by the inability of many trained economists to get it - Paul Krugman
Since the ECB is obviously unresponsive to the plight of Irish widows and orphans, the Irish state has a duty to protect Irish widows and orphans, and incentivise the ECB to start doing its fucking job and printing money on demand at 0.0 % to sovereigns needing stimulus. The easiest way to incentivise proper behaviour from the ECB is to cause pain to the ECB's political backers. Which means causing pain to the Frankfurt-based banks, and which means causing pain to Mrs Merkel's government.
You call it nationalist. I call it realpolitik. If you have some alternate suggestion for how to get the ECB to start providing unlimited stimulus money for the Irish economy at somewhere around the Frankfurt overnight rate, then I'm all ears. But so far you have presented no viable political strategy for how the Irish can continue to do stimulus without defaulting. And you have provided no political strategy - nevermind a credible one - for how the Irish state can obtain the necessary liquidity for continued stimulus without either leaving the -zone or threatening to default on foreigners first, in order to pressure those foreigners' governments to pressure the ECB.
Since you seem so keen on applying collective punishment to Ireland for electing Fianna Fail, you may think of it as applying collective punishment to any polity that doesn't pressure the ECB to start doing its fucking job and printing unlimited money for use in Keynesian stimulus.
I am not responsible for the policy position of the german government.
But the Irish pensioners and unemployed that you're happily throwing under the bus are responsible for the actions of their government?
You can't have it both ways. Either the Irish people don't deserve to suffer for electing evil morons to high office, or the German people don't deserve to get bailed out, because they elected evil morons to high office.
Don't you think there is collective responsibility?
I do believe in defeating neoliberal policies whenever and wherever they sully humanity with their depravity. In this particular situation, defeating neoliberal policies means defeating Austerity. Defeating Austerity means threatening Mrs. Merkel and Messrs. Weber and Stark with a sufficiently big stick that they start printing money wholesale. And the only stick Ireland has that is big enough to make Messrs. Weber and Stark shit their pants and start printing money wholesale is the threat of making several major German financial institutions insolvent.
And if a German pension fund or two is collateral damage in that fight, well then there's nothing wrong with insolvent private pension funds that better public pensions won't solve.
If you have a better plan for how to fight back against "Hartz IV For Ireland," then I'm all ears.
However no one in Ireland has any sympathy with the banksters and regulators who are the most immediate causes of the crisis and whom many would wish to jail. What is more difficult to track down is those who benefited from the property boom - farmers who sold land etc.- partly because the beneficiaries are much more small scale and diffuse, partly because much of the money would have been invested in banks or property at home or abroad and so much was subsequently lost.
There is also a huge generational problem. Virtually all the beneficiaries (except a few banking whizzkids) are older, and most of those suffering are younger - the unemployed, emigrants, and those in negative equity because they bought their house (with a huge mortgage) since c. 2003. Index of Frank's Diaries
I labour under the impression that you have built a narrative* where the entire debt of the Irish state is hold by "evil" foreign actors,
It pretty much is. More than two thirds of the Irish national debt is the direct result of the 2008 bailout of the Irish banks - a bailout whose overwhelming beneficiaries were foreign banks who failed to exercise due diligence in their lending during the bubble years.
Them's the facts. Not my fault you don't like them.
who for some unclear reason deserve to lose their money.
Well, if you lend money to a bank engaged in massive real estate speculation, then you need to lose your shirt. And if you have a business address on Canary Wharf, then you need to lose your shirt on general principles.
A bank or multinational company who resides - probably because of the low corporation tax - in Ireland is good and should get interest and capital on their bonds.
Uh, no. That's not what I said. Did you miss the part where I said that companies that are important to the productive economy should be paid, no matter where they reside? Here's a hint:
Then you make two lines on each of the two lists: One line between people you really, really want to save (ordinary bank depositors, industrial firms, etc.) and people you kinda sorta want to save if you can (private pension funds, non-toxic investment banks - if you have any of those left - etc.), and another line between the people you kinda sorta want to save and the evil people who should take a long walk off a short pier (bookies, toxic investment banks, everything with a business address on Canary Wharf). Then you mix the lists like this: Domestic need-to-save Foreign need-to-save Domestic want-to-save Foreign want-to-save Evil (foreign and domestic)
Then you mix the lists like this:
Domestic need-to-save Foreign need-to-save Domestic want-to-save Foreign want-to-save Evil (foreign and domestic)
Now, it is true that domestic Irish bondholders need to be taken care of before foreign bondholders. There are two reasons for this. The first reason is practical: Foreign bondholders can appeal to their own governments for bailouts if the Irish government cannot honour their bonds. The second reason is political: As long as the ECB refuses to print money on demand to support a Keynesian counter-cyclical fiscal policy for Ireland, the ECB's constituency should feel the pain before the Irish people.
A company or bank that has the misfortune not to have resettled in Ireland and still resides elsewhere should lose everything.
No, firms which serve a real economic function should not lose their money. Deutche Bank and Goldman, however, should.
So my mutual regional bank, who has perhaps bought some Irish bonds in the past, is evil and should lose everything.
Yes. Banks are very, very low on my list of businesses that need to be saved.
The equivalent Irish mutual bank, who has participated to its heart delight in the property bubble and regularly showered local Fianna Fail politicians with money is good and should take no losses at all.
Well, no. Again, I refer you to the part of my diary that you appear to find it difficult to understand:
The equivalent Irish mutual bank should also lose its shirt. Only thing is, the Irish banks are mostly already insolvent, which is why we're having this conversation in the first place.
There also seems to be a value dissonance. I like my regional public bank and my regional/local saving bank. I think the are a valuable part of the German banking system and should be defended against the ravaging neoliberalism. As should be the equivalent parts of the banking system of other European countries. (And the state bank of North Dakota)
And you do discriminate against other Europeans:
Domestic need-to-save Foreign need-to-save Domestic want-to-save Foreign want-to-save
A clear hierarchy of needs against foreigners.
There also seems to be a value dissonance. I like my regional public bank and my regional/local saving bank. I think the are a valuable part of the German banking system and should be defended against the ravaging neoliberalism.
Well, yeah. If there's enough money to go around to keep banks from losing their shirts, then local banks and state-owned banks should be at the front of the queue.
But the fact is that if a bank becomes insolvent, there are established procedures to resolve that situation without any major loss for the real economy. The bank's management is decapitated, the assets sold off, and its shareholders and unsecured creditors get to take a haircut. But the economic function - credit analysis, information gathering, transaction clearing and money creation - will still be carried on during and after a bankruptcy.
When a manufacturing firm goes bankrupt, on the other hand, there is a significant risk that it is going to be disassembled and sold as scrap. Which destroys its economic function. And when a pension fund is insolvent, retirees get shafted. So all in all, if you have to shaft someone it's better for everyone, except the shareholders and management, that you shaft a bank than a manufacturing firm.
And the proportion of banks that are simply evil is arguably higher than the proportion of manufacturing firms that are simply evil.
And you do discriminate against other Europeans
Yes, because foreigners have another safety net.
In the best of all possible worlds, the EU would come together and make a list of firms and individuals who needed to be bailed out for the common good, and another list of firms and individuals who need to go whistle for their money. And then the EU would, collectively, bail out the people who needed to be bailed out.
In the world we actually have, the EU is not going to bail out the Irish retirees. And while the German government might bail out German retirees, it isn't going to bail out Irish retirees. So shafting the foreigners in preference to the Irish is the only way the Irish government can incentivise other governments to lend material support to a rescue operation that could ensure that nobody had to be shafted (except the hedge funds).
Ahern? Consider your source.
Consider your source.
Here's another account:
FT Deutschland picked up a story, according to which the Irish justice minister Dermot Ahern blamed the ECB for pushing in Ireland into a decision to apply for a bailout, without having the opportunity to make a proper evaluation of the process. (The way he phrased it suggests that he thought the action not merely politically unacceptable, but also legally doubtful.)
Ahern was born into a family that had no association with party politics. ... ... In late 1994 Bertie Ahern (no relation) succeeded Albert Reynolds as leader of Fianna Fáil.
In late 1994 Bertie Ahern (no relation) succeeded Albert Reynolds as leader of Fianna Fáil.
And you are defending a liar. The same wikipedia article showed me that Ahern was on November 15th still claiming: There is no bail out.
So I why should I trust his claims now?
Irish politics do have a problem with to many political dynasties.
So much for collective democratic responsibility.
Osama:
How's that for justice? The road of excess leads to the palace of wisdom - William Blake
My diary is primarily aimed at ensuring the next Government doesn't act quite as stupidly. Index of Frank's Diaries
Now my theory is that there are not many private bond-holders left.
The banksters got to keep their profits from the time before their bubble burst and, once again, the losses are socialized. Enough is enough. "It is not necessary to have hope in order to persevere."
You're also overlooking the point that hardly anyone believes that the current repayment regime is in any way practical or realistic. The ECB/IMF suicide agreement is based on dogma and rhetoric, not practical economic reality.
It's not Ireland that needs to deal with reality - it's the ECB and the IMF.
Given that default is a predictable outcome of the current agreement - after the real economy crashes into a depression - the choice is between defaulting now, extracting the banking parasite, and rebuilding a working real economy, or defaulting later when all that's left of the real economy is a glassy smoking crater, and the best talent has moved abroad.
To be honest, I don't get this: "it can't be paid argument anyway." Belgium had a public debt higher then 100% of gdp too. Even if we ignore Japan, there is also Italy.
wWy do you assume that Ireland will always be in recession, never grow again and never be able to balance it's budget? And never gain to able to get lower interest rates?
Do you really think a hedge fund - or any private lender woulds give a credit to the irish banks at 1.75%?
The current negotiated rate for the bailout loan is 5.8%, which looks pretty damn punitive to me - and certainly if you want a country to get out of a depression, loan sharking isn't the most effective way to do it.
Unless you're arguing the case for the loan sharks, of course.
I suppose someone has to.
Burn the ECB! 1.75% is usury!
Belgium had a debt of 115.5% to gdp in 1996 and 73,3% in 2007. So there is real example not that far away.
So why should be impossible to balance the budget in five years or so?
"Austerity Now" is the Brussels Consensus, though it might well be a remake of a famous Coppola movie from the 70s, starring Marlon Brando. Keynesianism is intellectually hard, as evidenced by the inability of many trained economists to get it - Paul Krugman
If the ECB and IMF were not demanding Austerity Now!, then we wouldn't be having this discussion, because Ireland would be perfectly able to repay the debt in due time. But Austerity Now! is what is being demanded, and what will cause Ireland to default. Well, better to default now, and let the people who are demanding Austerity Now! eat the losses, than first crash the Irish economy and then default, leaving the Irish public in a smoking crater and the people who are demanding Austerity Now! still eating very nearly the same losses.
Defaulting is a zero-sum game. Not defaulting is a negative-sum game.
Even if we ignore Japan
A common consequence of prolonged cheap money regimes is the creation of asset bubbles. In the US Greenspan's prolonged cheap money policy combined with "see no evil" regulatory forbearance helped fuel the bubble that broke in 2008. That bubble which began in 1999 served to facilitate the extraction of wealth from the US middle class by the US banking elites through home equity loans that made possible the continued purchase of cheap Chinese goods that also profited those same elites -- at the expense of the US worker whose real income has declined.
The end result of such cycles is economic devastation for the many and, absent governmental intervention as with FDR, consolidation of the wealth and power of the financial elites. As a collective institution that financial elite is incapable of concern for the health of the body politic or the average citizen and, in a failed attempt to continue to extract expected returns, imposes massive gratuitous damage on the society as a whole. This is what is looming for Ireland. "It is not necessary to have hope in order to persevere."
The "irish" banks did get in trouble and had to be were rescued by crooked Fianna Fail politicians because of the housing bust: Mortgages, breakdown of the construction sector. [...] Now in 2008 there was a high exposure of international banks to Ireland. [...] Problematic was and is the exposure to the "Irish" banks. But of course all banks have cut back their exposure now for over two years.
[...]
Now in 2008 there was a high exposure of international banks to Ireland.
The question is to what extent they have unwound it. I don't think they have. And to the extent that they have, they have foisted it on their own sovereigns or the ECB. I have no problem defaulting on a foreign sovereign who decided to relieve its banks of garbage assets. If you want to bail out your banks, you should get to pay for it yourself. I also have no problem with defaulting on the ECB - if the ECB were acting like a proper central bank, we wouldn't be having this discussion in the first place, because then the ECB would simply fix prices in all -zone sovereign bonds.
The losses of the "Irish banks" did first eat up the capital, so owners did get wiped out. Then the Irish State had to took leave of its senses and decided to pay. Creditors on the other hand, depositors, bondholders, other creditors escaped scot-free. [...] Now my theory is that there are not many private bond-holders left. They have used the last two years to get rid of their credits to Irish banks. The obligations of the Irish banks have shifted to the Irish state and the ECB.
Well, yes. That's why we're talking about a sovereign default, not a bank default. There has been a swap of Irish bank debts for sovereign debt, but the ultimate creditors remain roughly the same people. So defaulting on the government debt will force the people who used to be creditors of Irish banks to take a haircut. Obviously it won't hit every former creditor, and it will hit some financial institutions who weren't creditors of Irish banks. But that's how things go in financial meltdowns. Beats flagellating the Irish economy.
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